Why Water Is Precious Essay Example for Free

Why Water Is Precious EssayHow does it work? Each year, the UPU external government agency chooses a theme. Participating countries organize the competition at the national level through the post with the support of education authorities and the media. All entries essentialiness be submitted through the national Post. Each country chooses a national winner and submits one entry for the UPU international competition. Entries must reach the UPU International Bureau no later than 30 April each year. The theme of the 2013 competition is Write someone a letter explaining why water is a precious imaging The 2013 theme ties in with the International Decade for Action Water for Life 20052015. Water serves a multitude of different purposes, and it is vital that we preserve this precious essential resource. Access to water is essential to ensuring the health and well-being of humans and the protection of nature. The United Nations recently announced that the world had achieved the Mil lennium Development Goal by half, the proportion of the population which is without sustainable access to safe drinking water. Eighty-nine percent of the world population, or 6.1 billion people, now have access to an ameliorate drinking water source.But 11% still does not. 2012 Prize Winners National winner Limpopo Mpumalanga North West KZN Western Cape Free State eastern Cape Northern Cape Gauteng Tasneem Mahomed, Park Primary School, Lenasia Dipuo Nthane, Taxila Sec School, Polokwane Prudence Lubisi, Mjokwane Sec School, Komatiepoort Seipei Kekana, Maggies Millenium School, Mafikeng Trinity Z. Maphosa, Bayabonga Primary School, Dundee Zara Wichman, Star of the Sea Convent School, St James Lerato Magagula, Laerskool Sentraal, Bloemfontein Siphokazi Ndamase, Butterworth juicy School, Butterworth Ronaldo Giko, Concordia High School, Springbok Tasneem Mahomed, Park Primary School, LenasiaRules to enter are as follows The competition is open to all South African learners up to 15 y ears. It must be presented in a form of a letter of 500 to 1000 words. The letter must depict and stick to the theme. The letter should refrain from promoting any political, sexual practice bias or religious opinions Use proper quality paper and ink not pencil. The letter can be hand-written or typed The work must be clean and neat. The entry form should be attached at the back of the letter for identification. The entry form can be hand-written, typed or photocopied single letter one envelope and send by post.

Woman in the Life of African Essay Example for Free

Woman in the Life of African EssayThe life of ordinal century African American women was marred by an unfortunate social practice called thralldom. While such unjust living condition affected some(prenominal) men and women, the poisonous impact was more on women. This is because in the context of slavery, it was the women who suffered worse and the ones who were subjected to more damaging treatment than men. Coupled with race-related burdens, it was slavery and all its harmful manifestations which forced women to perform roles inside their homes and within the society that definitely opposed their supposedly conventional roles in an ideal American community. Simply put, it is their humankind a woman that determined and played a more important role in their lives than creation an African American. This is because it was their very gender which caused them to become slaves and to experience other sex-related injustices. Therefore, it is ironic that while being a woman was supposed to protect the African American women from slavery and to provide them with dignity, it was specifically their femininity that made their lives reprehensible and painful as explained and illustrated by Deborah Gray White in her password, Arnt I a Woman? Female Slaves in the plantation South. In challenging the stereotypes concerning African-American women, the book creates a bigger and more in-depth representation of the real existence of women. That is, it was not only their race or their being African-American that made them as work and sex slaves, but it was more their being women that caused them to suffer. Through the exploration and analysis made by the author on the daily ways of life, jobs, as well as roles and relationships within the family and society of 19th century women, the book allows the readers to realize that being a woman has a great significance in the kind of life that they experienced.Female Slavery White, through the book, presents that it was being a woman that played a more applicable function in the life of 19th century African-American women. This is the premise explained and emphasized in the book as it effectively provides an analysis of the overdue existence of women slavery. In fact, the title itself is a clear reflection of the underlying meaning that the kind of living experienced by the distaff person population in the plantation South was rooted in the fact that they were female. The shortened statement Arnt I a Woman? actually signifies a kind of objection as to how and wherefore women were subjected to slavery considering they are important members of a society which is supposed to take care of them, protect them, and assure them of their rights. With slavery however, it unfortunately turned out otherwise as it was their very sense of being a woman that was considered to be the reason why they were made into slaves. This is because their being a woman indicated their susceptibility to slavery and other f orms of inhumane treatment, which thereby affected the manner in which they struggled and eventually survived.Most importantly, female slavery emerged because they were seen and regarded as one whose sexual and employment rights whitethorn be violated. This explanation is justified in the book when the author concludes that Slave women were the only women in America who were sexually exploited with impunity, stripped and whipped with a lash, and worked equal oxen (White 162). Thus, they were made into slaves and were sexually abused not because they were African American, but because they were African American women. Not ProtectedWhile Whites book depicts a general representation of 19th century African American women in the light of their race and gender, personal experiences became the foundation of the concept that it was the reality of being a woman that created a stronger impact in their lives. This was due to the fact that female slaves, as illustrated by the characters of th e sexually abused Jezebel and loyal slave Mammy, showed how their womanhood caused them to be utterly neglected and abused by the society, particularly by the men.As White stresses only slave women were so totally unprotected by men or by law women had their womanhood so totally denied (162). Further, it was through the demeaning stereotyping of shadowy women that the personalities in the book practically came alive. This is because they supposedly delineated the apparent promiscuous persona and conduct of African-American women which, in turn, served as a justification for their slavery, discrimination, and sexual abuse in the hands of both swarthy and white men and the community in general.The stereotyping or negative characterization of Jezebel and Mammy aggravated the already unguarded condition of being a woman. This is shown by how Jezebel supposedly manifested a natural sensuality and sexual drive that it became inevitable for slave owners to sexually abuse the lustful wo men slaves (White 36). Both characters affirmed that being a woman led one to be susceptible to slavery and sexual abuse. Such was the condition as their respective womanhood created a notion that black women were forced to domestic slavery and into becoming sex objects.Most of all, their being female did not protect them from any kind of violation because their gender or stature in the society made them as mere human properties particularly created for their masters desires such as sexual satisfaction and forced labor. closing The blatant and unacceptable realities presented in the book Arnt I a Woman by Deborah Gray White only confirm the idea that it was the fact that they were female that brought much suffering and misfortunes into the lives of 19th century African American women.More than this however, Arnt I a Woman also presents an unlikely condition that being a woman during a period when slavery existed had its rewarding side. This is because despite the abuses, it was the ir optimistic sense of being a woman that enabled them to create strong personal relationships and female groups within the society. Work Cited White, Deborah Gray. Arnt I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York W. W. Norton Company, Inc. , 1985.

Earthquake Preparedness of Staff Nurses Research Proposal

Earthquake planning of mental faculty Nurses Research ProposalA compass TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INFORMATION BOOKLET ON seism PREPAREDNESS IN TERMS OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF STAFF NURSES WORKING IN SELECTED COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS OF GUJARAT STATEINVESTIGATORBhavisha R. PatelABSTRACT calamity has been publics constant though inconvenient companion since time immemorial. The fury of nature can be as disastrously beautiful as the gifts of nature received gratis. Natural disaster continues to strike unabated and without notice and is perceived to be on the increase in their magnitude complexity, frequency and economic impact. India has been traditionally vulnerable to indispensable disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cycl unmatcheds, acresquakes and landslides grant been recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities over 40 trillion hectares is prone to floods intimately 8% o f the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. The main objective of the dissect was evaluateing the cognition and invest of the rung Nurses before and after the administration of an Information folder on Earthquake Preparedness in the selected Community health centre of Gujarat recount. The conceptual frame give way is based on System theory model. Materials Method used for the study was after a preliminary study on Earthquake Preparedness of Staff Nurses conducted at Adalaj CHC, a pre-post interventional study was performed on 8 CHCs of Gujarat State. Four districts of Gujarat state i.e. Ahmedabd, Gandhinagar, Panchamahal and Bharuch were selected randomly. Each CHCs of selected districts were randomly selected. While sample selection was done by draft Method. One group pre post creation used for the study Data collection includes personal information, experience of Earthquake Preparedness of provide takes with help of merged kno wledge questionnaires, rehearse of Earthquake Preparedness of staff nurses with help of structured observation check list. An Information Booklet was introduced in terms of knowledge and employment performing by Staff Nurses on Earthquake Preparedness. Reliability of the tool was confirmed by Pearson discharge and validity was done from experts of different health department. Results of or Forty staff nurses were included from Eight CHCs of Gujarat state. For the knowledge it is reveals the comparison between pre- rise and post- foot race knowledge stumble obtained by the Samples on Earthquake Preparedness. The think up pre attempt throw is 15.82 and the mean post demonstrate collide with is 29.75. The Standard Deviation of pre try out knowledge score is 2.77 and that of the post test is 1.84. The metricalt is 13.92 and the tabulated is 1.68 at 0.05 level of significance. For institutionalise of the samples it is reveals the comparison between pre-test and post-test con fide score obtained by the Samples on Earthquake Preparedness. The mean pre test score is 35.47 and the mean post test score is 48.025. The calculatedt is 21.37 and the tabulated is 1.68 at 0.05 level of significance There was significant difference between pretest mean score and posttest mean score for knowledge and commit of samples regarding Earthquake Preparedness of Staff Nurses. After administration of an Information Booklet, there was purifyment in samples Knowledge and Practice. So it was concluded that An Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness increased the knowledge and usage of staff nurses working in selected CHCs of Gujarat State.IntroductionHospitals Safe from Disasters Reduce Risk, Protect health Facilities, Save Lives, (World Health Day).Disaster caused by natures fury is not uncommon in this planet, earth. In fact, scientists believe that the birth of this planet, earth was the result of an explosion that occurred in the solar system, from time immemor ial this planet has witnessed numerous natural disasters. In the past, man used to view this natural disaster as the ACTS OF GOD gradually science opened the doors of knowledge and enabled man to understand the mysteries of nature. On January 26, 2001 Gujarat was rocked by a violent earthquake. Thousands of people died and there was loss of about 400 crore rupees to the nation. It was one of the severest earthquakes to piss hit the country. In served to highlight the gaping holes in the nations disaster management ability. This devastating incident made the investigator bring up the present study.Nurses in any location will be on the front line as caregivers and managers in the event of a damaging, disaster. Having sympathize the views of various authors the investigator is able to visualize that disaster situations are very different from routine nursing care situation. Nurses need to have adequate knowledge and training to work in such a unique, chaotic, stressful situation an d to identify and meet the complex, multi various health needs of victims of disaster.India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities over 40 million hectares is prone to floods about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year. The loss in terms of private, community and public assets has been astronomical. At theglobal level, there has been considerable awe over natural disasters. Even as substantial scientific and material progress is made, the loss of lives and property due to disasters has not decreased. In fact, The human ships bell and economic losses have mounted. It was in this background that the United Nations General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade 1990- 2000 as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with the objective to reduce loss of lives and property and restrict socio-economic damage through concerted international action, especially in developing countries.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY1. To survey the knowledge of the Staff Nurses before and after the administration of an Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness in the selected Community health centre of Gujarat state.2. To assess the trust of the Staff Nurses before and after the administration of Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness in the selected Community health centre of Gujarat state.HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDYH1 The mean post test knowledge scores of the Staff Nurses after the administration of an Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness will be significantly higher than their mean pre test Knowledge scores as evident from the Structured Knowled geQuestionnaire at .05 levels.H2 The mean post test practice scores of the Staff Nurses after the Administration of an Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness will be significantly higher than their mean pre test practice scores as evident from the structured observational Checklist at .05 levels.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSEffectiveness it refers to the power of the information booklet to bring about changes in knowledge and practice of staff nurses regarding earthquake preparedness.Informational Booklet A handy written material, which will enhance the knowledge of staff nurses regarding earthquake preparedness improve practice of the staff nurse.Earth Quake A sudden violent shaking of the ground as a result of movement within the earths crust.Preparedness- is concerned with forecasting and working, education and training of population, organization for and management of disaster including preparation of operational plan, training of relief groups, ensuring adequate supplies of indispensable funds.Knowledge It is the ability of staff nurses to respond to a structured knowledge questionnaire regarding earthquake preparedness resulting as evident from knowledge score.Practice It refers to the abilities of the staff nurse to guide and provide care to the earthquake preparedness with the use of informational booklet. At Evidence by Structured Observational Check List.Staff nurse staff nurse (male and female) who are working in community health center.Community health center In this study CHC refers to community health center covert a population of 80,000 to 1.20 lake with 30 beds and specialist in surgery, medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics with X-ray and laboratory facilities.DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY-The study is be to Staff nurse of selected CHC of Gujarat state accessible during the data collection will be selected for the sample.The study is delimited to Staff nurse who are willing to participate in the study.The study is deli mited to the CHC of selected district of Gujarat State only.The study is delimited to the 40 staff nurses only.RESEARCH DESIGNResearch design selected for the present study was one group pre test post test design. The investigator had developed structured Knowledge Questionnaire and Structured Observational Checklist for evaluation of pre test and post test.RESEARCH SETTING-The present study was conducted in the selected Community Health Center of Gujarat State. Investigator was divided Gujarat state in five regions (north, east, and west, south and central) and from that investigator will select any 4 districts by lottery method). From each district by lottery method investigator will select two Community Health Center.ANALYSIS AND versionMaterials Method used for the study was after a preliminary study on Earthquake Preparedness of Staff Nurses conducted at Adalaj CHC, a pre-post interventional study was performed on 8 CHCs of Gujarat State.. Four districts of Gujarat state i.e. Ahmedabd, Gandhinagar, Panchamahal and Bharuch were selected randomly. Each CHCs of selected districts were randomly selected. While sample selection was done by Lottery Method. One group pre post design used for the study Data collection includes personal data, knowledge of Earthquake Preparedness of staff nurses with help of structured knowledge questionnaires, Practice of Earthquake Preparedness of staff nurses with help of structured observation check list. An Information Booklet was introduced in terms of knowledge and Practice performing by Staff Nurses on Earthquake Preparedness. The main area of knowledge and Practice include Introduction of Earthquake, Types and Phases of Disaster, Earthquake Preparedness and fretfulness of Victim. Reliability of the tool was confirmed by Pearson test and validity was done from experts of different health department. Results for Forty staff nurses were included from Eight CHCs of Gujarat state. For the knowledge it is reveals the compari son between pre-test and post-test knowledge score obtained by the Samples on Earthquake Preparedness. The mean pre test score is 15.82 and the mean post test score is 29.75. The table also shows that the Standard Deviation of pre test knowledge score is 2.77 and that of the post test is 1.84. The calculatedt is 13.92 and the tabulated is 1.68 at 0.05 level of significance. For practice of the samples it is reveals the comparison between pre-test and post-test practice score obtained by the Samples on Earthquake Preparedness. The mean pre test score is 35.47 and the mean post test score is 48.025. The table also shows that the Standard Deviation of pre test practice score is 3.17 and that of the post test is 2.03. The calculatedt is 21.37 and the tabulated is 1.68 at 0.05 level of significanceThere was significant difference between pretest mean score and posttest mean score for knowledge and practice of samples regarding Earthquake Preparedness of Staff Nurses. After administration of an Information Booklet, there was improvement in samples Knowledge and Practice. So it was concluded that An Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness increased the knowledge and practice of staff nursesworking in selected CHCs of Gujarat State.CONCLUSIONSThe following conclusions can be drawn from the study findings. For personal data investigator concluded the results and it is revealed that 18(45%) of the samples are in the age group of 31-40 years, 37(92.5%) are female, 40(100%) has not attend training regarding Disaster Management, 35(87.5%) have the professional qualification of GNM and 17(42.5%) have 6-10 years clinical experience and 39(97.5%) have not any experience related to Earthquake Management. From knowledge questionnaire it is revealed that the mean difference in the area related to the Introduction of Earthquake is 3.30, in area related to Earthquake Types and Phases is 1.82, in area related to Earthquake Preparedness 5.42 and while area related to Care of Victim is 3.37. Samples have gained more knowledge in the area related to Earthquake Preparedness and Care of Victim. Obtained mean difference in all area of knowledge the calculatedt is greater than tabulatedt (1.68) and so the investigator concluded that there is significant increase in the mean post test knowledge score as compared to the mean pre test knowledge score after the administration of an Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness which is statistically proven and so the null hypothesis Ho1 is rejected and research hypothesis H1 is accepted.. Mean post test knowledge score is higher than mean pre test knowledge score with the mean difference of 13.92 which is statistically proved that the Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness is effective in terms of knowledge among the samples. The calculatedt (13.92) is significantly greater than the tabulated t(1.68) so there is significant increase in the knowledge of samples after the administration of the Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness.For The Observational Checklist It is is revealed that the mean difference in the area related to the Arrangement of infrastructure and equipments is 6.25, in area related to Preparation of apprehension kit articles is 2.025, in area related to Communication Facility 3.75 and while area related to Round the clock inspection of medicine and repair of equipment is 0.53. Samples have gained more practice in the area related to Arrangement of infrastructure and equipments and Communication Facility .Obtained mean difference in all area of practice the calculated t is greater than tabulated t(1.68) and so the investigator concluded that there is significant increase in the mean post test practice score as compared to the mean pre test practice score after the administration of an Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness which is statistically proved and so the null hypothesis Ho2 is rejected and research hypothesis H2 is accepted. Mean post test practice score is higher than mean pre test practice score with the mean difference of 12.55 which is statistically proved that the Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness is effective in terms of practice among the samples. The calculatedt (21.37) is significantly greater than the tabulated t(1.68) so there is significant increase in the practice of samples after the administration of the Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness. From all the above mentioned findings, it can be concluded that the administration of an Information Booklet was definite increase in both Knowledge and Practice of Staff Nurses. This clearly indicates that an Information Booklet on Earthquake Preparedness was effective in improving the Knowledge and Practice of the Samples.BIBLIOGRAPHY-NEWSPAPERS header with Calamities. The Times of India, thirty-first January,2001.Courses on Disaster Management Need Upgrading. The Times of India, 18th January, 2002.Networking Relief and Rehabilitation. The Times of India, 30th January, 2001.Press for Quack-Resistance Building Norms The Times of India, 31st January, 2001.JOURNALESAnne G.H. Coping with Disaster. American Journal of Nursing. 1980 Dec 80(4) 683.Berglin SL. Emergency Nurses in Community Disaster Planning. Journal of Emergency Nursing. 1990, 16(4) 290- 292.Bhatia, S.C., et. Al. A Probabilistic Hazard act of India andAdjoining Regions. Ann. Geofis, 1999, 42(6), 1153-1155.Bland, John. Superfluous to Requirement. World Health. 1991, 22(1), 17-20.Bittner, Patricia, Disaster Preparedness. World Health. 1991,22(1), 13. INTERNETwww.who.int/disaster/repo/5522pdf prehospital disaster searchwww.redcross.int Disaster and triagehttp//206.39.77.2/DMCR/triage/rules.htm www.database .disasterBOOKSBest John w. Research in Education. New Delhi prentice Hall of India Private Limited, 1992.B.T.Baswanthappa.Nursing Theories. 2ndEdition, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2005.B.T.Baswanthappa.Nursing Research. 2nd Edition, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi , 2005.C.V.R Murty. Preparing for Earthquakes Where India Stands. Vol 3, No.3, May 2000.Garrett, H. and K. Woodworth, R.S. Statistics in Psychology and paygrade. Bombay Vakils Feffers and Simons Ltd., 1981.Polite, D.F.. and Hungler, B.P. Nursing Research Principles and Methods. Philadelphia J.E. Lippincott Company, 1999.W.H.O, Coping with Natural Disaster the Role of Local Health Personnel and the Community, Geneva WHO, 1989.

Gordons Functional Health Patterns Framework Nursing Essay

Gordons Functional Health Patterns Framework Nursing EssayFrameworks are used to accurately gage a patients health. They are a systematic way of collecting accusatory and subjective data to establish a send off of cathexis for the patient. Health care headmasters moldiness continually observe the patients subjective and objective data in order to recognise any changes in the patients health so that they can act upon them to achieve the best possible outcome for the patients wellbeing.Gordons functional health patterns framework was developed by Marjorie Gordon. It provides a sequence of take place behaviour from eleven different aspects (Luxford, 2012). These include health perception and management pattern, nutritional-metabolic pattern, elimination pattern, activity-exercise pattern, sleep-rest pattern, cognitive-perceptual pattern, self-perception/self-concept pattern, role-relationship pattern, sexuality-reproductive pattern, coping/stress-tolerance pattern and value/belie f pattern (Gordon, as cited in Luxford, 2012, pp. 225-226). The patients health is believed to be influenced by biological, developmental, cultural, aff fitted and spiritual factors. Because Gordons functional health patterns framework considers each of these factors, it will provide health care passkeys utilising it with a comprehensive examination assessment of the patients health (Fulton Baird, 2010).Dorothea Orem (as cited in Broadbent, 2012, pp. 47-48) developed a nursing framework based on three related concepts. self-care, self-care deficit and nursing systems. Self-care theory consists of quadruple concepts. The first of these concepts are self-care, which refers to those activities the patient should perform without assistance that promotes wellbeing, for example, intake of air, food and water, elimination process, balance between activity and rest, balance between solitude and social interaction, hazard prevention and promotion of normality at bottom social groups. Th e second concept is self-care agency, which refers to the patients ability to carry out self-care activities and whether or not they require assistance. The trio concept is self-care requisites, which refers to the actions taken to provide self-care. Finally, therapeutic self-care demand, which refers to all the activities required to meet existing self-care requisites (Orem, as cited in Broadbent, 2012, pp. 47-48). Self-care deficit comes into play when self-care agency is not able to meet the self-care demand. This means that if the patient is unable to perform any activity of daily living they will not meet the requirements that are essential for them to survive, hence, a health care professional essential assist them. The self-care deficit indicates that nursing is required to assist the patient and suggests five different nursing systems that can be used depending on the patients ability (Orem, as cited in Broadbent, 2012, pp. 47-48).Health care professionals should provide c are that is considerate of and reactive to unique patient preferences, needs and values. They must ensure that patient values guide all clinical decisions (Krumholz, 2010). To successfully achieve this, when conducting a health assessment it is imperative that health care professionals do work professional, ethical and legal considerations. Health care professionals must be mindful of the patients comfort and not assume that they are aware of what the health care professional is doing nor assume that the patient is consensual. Kerridge, Lowe Stewart (2009) stipulate that upholding the patients right to autonomy is relevant to a health care professional legally, ethically and professionally. It means that before each agency the health care professional must ask the patient if they consent to the having the procedure performed on them. The patient can give consent by verbal, pen or implied communication. The patients right to autonomy must be respected at all times (Kerridge et al ., 2009). It is the patients legal right to choose what happens to them, even if the patient refuses to hasten lifesaving medication or procedures performed on them that results in their further ill health or even death (Eburn, 2010).For both professional and ethical reasons health care professionals must adhere to a code of conduct at all times. Due to the patients probable vulnerability, health care professionals have a particularized transaction to conform to extremely high ethical standards both in their professional and private lives (Johnstone, 2012). Saunders (2012) explains that health care professionals must only perform duties that dwell within their scope of practice. If they do not adhere to this policy they would be failing to uphold ethical standards and also breaking the law. This could lead to the health care professional losing their job and or legal action being taken against them. In order for the health care professionals to maintain professionalism and uphold ethical and legal standards they must consider their scope of practice before performing any duties (Saunders, 2012).There are ethical considerations that health care professionals must be mindful of when documenting a patients information. For instance, to be conscious of who will be reading the notes, use official abbreviations and clear language, be specific, objective and protect privacy at all times. Breeching professional, ethical or legal responsibilities could lead to ramifications that are detrimental to the health care professionals career, health care institutions reputation and patients health (Jeffries, Johnson, Nicholls Lad, 2012).Gordons functional health patterns framework is a everyday and excellent way to build a picture of the patients health (Newfield, Hinz, Scott-Tilley, Sridaromont Maramba, 2007). It can be utilised for patients of all ages and in all areas of health speciality. Health is high-powered and ever changing and Gordons functional health pattern s framework caters for this. Un interchangeable other frameworks, Gordons uncovers patterns of both function and dysfunction (Gordon, as cited in Luxford, 2012). It considers the patients health from eleven specific aspects providing a broad range of information for health care providers to notice emerging patterns. The titles of the patterns are self-explanatory hence, they are easy to use (Newfield et al., 2007). These eleven categories provide a systematic and standardized approach to data collection and enable the health care professional to determine many aspects of health. Though it has few weaknesses, like most other frameworks, the data gathered for Gordons functional health patterns framework is based on much subjective data. This means that some data collected can be manipulated by the patient in order to depict an inaccurate assessment of the patients health. For this reason is must be used alongside the objective data such as the patients vital signs and physical examina tion in order to ensure an accurate health assessment.While Orems self-care framework appears to be a useful resource for health care professionals to use, Gordons functional health patterns framework proves to have strengths that far outweigh its weaknesses. One can understand why it is so commonly used within health care institutions.

Musics Effects On The Brain Music Essay

Musics Effects On The Brain Music EssayMusic is a orbit ren takeed language that all can understand. From Australia to the deepest jungles of Africa, symphony is associated in peoples every daylight endures. Music can be heard anywhere and everywhere the grocery store, the gym, in the car, at work, at school, on the television, etc. Not only is music applied for entertainment but it can also be utilise for story telling, learning, religious rituals and medical therapy. Today, it is not uncommon for music to be used as a medicine for Parkinsons, Alzheimers, depression, anxiety, stroke-victim rec all overy, stress, memory loss, and mental well-being.Musics effect on the outlook is a very profound and mysterious topic. It is said that music influences the process of thinking and analyzing, making work more enjoyable and efficient. Studies look at fancyn that music increases the occur of endorphins (a chemical released in the brain to reduce pain and provide a good touch state ) in the brain, initially, jump- commencement the bodies healing process. As it distracts the at cardinaltion from pain, it concurrently generates chemical sorts that promote healing.Along with physical healing and mental effects, music impacts human emotions. Often, some one and only(a) will listen to music when they are distraught, happy, need to focus, exercising, etc. Experiments show that music in a major hear will cause a person to be happy, while the music in a small- shell key will bring sadder, depressed emotions. This paper will discuss how the music of major and minor keys variantly effect human emotions.EmotionsThroughout an fair day, humans will experience one emotion after the early(a) sadness, happiness, frustration, anger, guilt, remorse, etc. But when one is asked the question what is an emotion? most find themselves dumbfounded. The firmness of purpose to what is an emotion is not an light(a) one to answer. For centuries great minds have studied to answer this question but have yet to receive a expressed answer. There are many an(prenominal) reasons for this state of affairs. One reason is that emotions are difficult to define and measure. (Juslin and Sloboda 73). To be able to define emotions, theorists must know where emotions distinguish from and how they are detectable. From a scientific perspective, emotions can be concluded from three types of evidence self reports, communicatory behavior and physiological development (Juslin and Sloboda 74). Self reports are a variety of surveys people will take to measure their emotions. Although this method is a first hand account of emotions, it still includes many problems such as the imperfect relationship between emotions and words that denote emotions, and the problem of choosing which words to include on checklists or scales (Juslin and Sloboda 74). The second type of evidence is expressive behavior which is the study of peoples emotion by their facial expression, vocalizations or body language (Juslin and Sloboda 74). The difficulty with this procedure is that not all emotions are visible by expressive features. The third type of evidence used to decipher emotions is physiological kinds of measurement this includes measuring heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension and much more.Many theorists have suggested expositions of emotions based off the previous three types of evidence. Based on a review of these definitions they proposed the following consensual definition (Kleinginna Kleinginna 1981, p. 355)Emotion is a complex round on interactions among subjective and objective factors, mediated by neural/hormonal systems, which can (a) give rise to affective experiences such as feelings of arousal, pleasure/ vexation (b) generate cognitive processes such as perceptually relevant effects, appraisals, labeling processes (c) activate widespread physiological adjustments to the arousing conditions and (d) lead to behavior that is often, but not eternally, ex pressive, goal-directed and adaptive (Juslin and Sloboda 75). As seen in the previous definition, it is almost im thinkable to define emotions simplistically or even in one sentence.TonalityLike emotion, tonality is not an easy concept to grasp. For one, it is used in many different senses and areas of music. Also, tonality has been widely discussed amongst theorist as to what it is and its significance in Western music. One simple definition of tonality is a system for interpreting pitches or chords through their relationship to a reference pitch, dubbed the impudent. Once the tonic is established the relationship of this pitch to other pitches can be designated using scale-degree names or numbers (Huron 143). In other words, tonality is the organization of pitch.Referring to Western theorists, there are two types of tonalities major and minor. The theory and use of major and minor tonality dominated Western culture between 1650 and 1900 (Forney 20). The tonality of a piece of mus ic is determined by the scale used for the foundation of the music (Forney). A scale is a series of woodlands in asc coating or descending order may hand the notes of a key (Forney A20). Because of the combination of intervals between notes in a scale, each scale has a special and unique sound. Major scales promote a feeling of happiness and cheerfulness while minor tones sound sad and dark A composer would not be deally to choose a minor key for a triumphal march, nor a major key for a lament (Forney 21). As stated earlier, the first note of the scale, the tonic, is used as a starting placeAffects of Major Tonality on Human EmotionsMusics effect on humans has been a hidden phenomenon for thousands of years. The emotional experience one has with music has always been enticing and misunderstood. Still, it is probably true that most people experience music-somehow, somewhere-everyday of their lives, often with an accompanying affective solvent of some sort (e.g. nostalgic recognit ion of a favourite song on the radio while driving a car, frustration directed at the music at the shops, joy while hearing to an excellent performance at an evening concert, a sad mood created by the soundtrack of a late night icon) (Juslin and Sloboda 3). The goal of this section is to withdraw how the music from major tonalities influence human emotions.To sum up the affects of major tonality on human emotions is the results of David Hurons, author of Sweet Anticipation, experiment on the feeling evoked from listening to major scale degrees. Huron conducted his experiment by asking ten experienced Western-cultured musicians to describe the emotions they incorporate with different scale degrees from the major key. All ten musicians were given the following instructions For each of the following scale degrees describe as best you can the distinctive quality or character of that tone. bring up how the tone makes you feel in as much detail as possible. Imagine the tones for the m ajor key only. Please think of pitches rather than chords (Huron 144). The table under is the result of Hurons responses as displayed in his book Sweet Anticipation.Scale ToneCommon DescriptorsSample ResponsesTonicStable, pleasure, home, contentmentStable, extremely satisfying, centered, foundational, solid, resultd, strongRaised tonicStrong, upward, boldEdgy, unstable, uncertain, upwardly, mobile, mildly precariousLowered supertonicSurprise, abruptness, pauseSomewhat dark, a sense of almost inevitable further descent, murky, unexpected richness, mild surpriseSupertonicSolid, movement, resolveHanging, dangling, transitory, moderate expectation of more to come, part of a flowRaised supertonicLonging, unstableNeedling, moderately harsh, jarring, unstable, off balanceMediantBright, love, warmth, beautyLight, lifted, bright, point of many possible departures, yet also strongly restful, peaceful and calmSub prevalentdescendingAkward, tentative, strong sense of being unfinished, Now wh at? no clear expectation of future, hanging feeling, would be happy to fall by half stepRaised subdominantIntentional, motivatedModerately anxious, interrupted flow to dominant, somewhat curious about possibilities, fluidity, transitory preponderatingStrong, muscular, balance, possibility, pleasantStrong, towering, height, sense of looking atomic pile from a tall building and being comfortable, but knowing youll eventually take to elevator back to the pathway levelRaised dominantLeading, aspiringLeading to something, sense of implication, unfinished, leaning, mildly uncomfortableSubmediantBalance, open, lightnessAiry and open, temporary suspendedness, neutral, evokes mild curiosity in bet to directionSubtonicFalling, lightness, drifting downward, shiftingHeavy, like walking with a limp, unexpected, open new possibilities, sheds a new light on thingsLeading toneUnstable, pointing, restlessSense of inevitably, highly unstable, uncomfortable, squirmy, itching, restlessHurons table p rovides direct and professional examples of emotions accompanied by scale degrees in the major key, now the question is what link up these emotions to these particular scale degrees? Huron clusters the results into seven categories of the responses he received, certainty/ uncertainty, persistency, culmination, mobility, stability, power and emotion (Huron 163). The certainty/ uncertainty category is the easiest to explain through statistical properties of music. Two scale tones were described as unexpected, surprising or abrupt- the lowered supertonic and the subtonic pitches (Huron 163). Because the supertonic and subtonic pitches appear the least out of all the scale tones the feeling of surprise or abruptness is normal. The category tendency describes the scale tones level of continuation, in other words, the tones ability to carry on with the melody or song at hand. The brocaded dominant and the leading tone were both described with words associated with tending or leading, -b oth tones that are statistically limited in their possible continuation tones (Huron 163). The completion category can also be described using statistical properties of music with relevance to the tonic and mediant pitches. Both pitches were described as restful indicating the pitches connective to the end or closure of musical phrases, allowing the listener to feel at rest or home-like.The fourth category, mobility, involves the supertonic and subtonic pitch. The supertonic was depicted as modern expectancy of more to come and the subtonic as like walking with a limp. Both pitches portray the act of moving but do not detainment the same leading value as the tonic. The category of power, however, can not be easily described through the statistical properties of music. The raised tonic and dominant pitches were connected with words like jarring and harsh, creating the effect of power to the listener. The last category Huron describes is emotion. Terms like pleasure, beauty, and war mth, love, bright and pleasant are used to describe the tonic, mediant and dominant pitches. Negative hedonic terms like harsh, jarring, uncomfortable, and anxious were applied to tones such as the raised supertonic, the raised subdominant and the raised dominant (Huron 164). As make apparent from the table, positive emotions seem connected to frequently occurring tones with closure (Huron 164).A peculiar fact about tonality is that different tones can suggest different and specific emotions. Even a tone in one given context can have a completely different effect in another context. There are several factors attributed to why scale degrees in the major scale cause the listener to feel a variety of emotions, one of them being the predictability of a tone. When a tone has a high rate of predictability, the experience for the listener is more positive The most predictable tones and tone sequences tend to be experienced as the most pleasant- especially if listeners are not consciously a ware of the high predictability (Huron 173).The most predictable structural feature in music is cadences. Cadences are the place of rest in a musical phrase. A cadence can either end in the middle of a melody, called an inconclusive cadence, causing the ending to feel dissonant. Meanwhile, a cadence can also end at the end of a melody, creating a consonant ending call a conclusive cadence. Music theorists have long observed that cadences tend to be organized in a stereotypical fashion. It is not exclusively the final note of the cadence that is predictable the final note is often approached in a characteristic of formulaic manner (Huron 154). Cadences, however are not the only feature that increase the feeling of uncertainty Another feature is the increase in uncertainty that commonly follows after the closure point (Huron 156). So not only is there high predictability before the cadence but after as well. Listeners are more apt to forebode predictability with points of disruption or closure.Music in taciturn Movies (To be changed)Silent MoviesIn todays movies there is barely ever a wordless moment. For example, while actors are walking down the street multiple sounds can be heard the actors dialogue, the sound of footsteps, cars screeching down the road, birds chirping, etc. There is constant noise in current movies, neer allowing for one second of silence. In 1890s to the late 1920s silent films were prominent among towns and cities in the United States.Although they are called silent movies, they are far from silent. Characteristics of silent films include little or no dialogue (if there was dialogue it was written in pamphlets and given to the audience), usually black and white, live orchestras and sometimes live narrators or actors. Because there was no recorded dialogue, silent films relied heavily on the acting of actors and the music to set the mood and tone for the film. Most actors were required to over act to be able to convey the emotions acros s the camera without verbal help. Actors like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Clara Bow, and Blanche Sweet were all prominent in silent films and were used to portray the emotions the audience longed for. Genres of silent films include comedies, westerns, horror, science fiction, documentaries, series, animates, epics and experimental films.Like the actors in silent films, music played an essential role in this movie era, As silent cinema developed, and especially after c.1912, music came to play a crucial role in shaping and conditioning the viewers response to moving pictures (Cooke 5). Musicians were needed to write scores for the films that would effect peoples emotions the same way words would. The music was needed to take the audience through the story emotionally, ..music, by its very physical presence, created a sense of three-dimensionality singularly lacking in the projected image while the film was projected from the rear of the vestibule to the screen at the front, so m usic played at the front was projected backwards over the audience and through a kind of transference or slippage between sound and image, the depth created by the sound is transferred to the flat surface image (Kalinak 1992, 44). (Cooke 6).Silent films were seen as an art form that had never been tried and true before. It was new technology that everyone was fascinated in learning and perfecting The silent era was a period of immense creativity, and there seems to be no end to its surprises (Brownlow XI). Silent films have been and will be longed cherished as timeless classics. Unfortunately, ninety percent of the films made during the silent era have disintegrated due to the use of process film (Scorsese IX). Organizations like the National Film Registry and the Library of Congress work to preserve these movies and prevent any further losses.Charlie ChaplinAs stated previously, Charlie Chaplin was a famous actor and director of silent films. Charlie Chaplin was born on April 16 , 1889 in London, England. Charlie was born into fame, both his parents being renowned vocalists and actors. Appearing in small rolls for films like The Eight Lancashire Kids and Sherlock Holmes, Chaplin began his career before the age of fourteen I went home on the bus dazed with happiness, and began to get the full realization of what happened to me. I had suddenly left behind a like of poverty and was entering a long desired dream-a dream my mother had often spoken about, had reveled in. I was to become an actor (Chaplin 78). Chaplin continued his career through vaudeville, which brought him to the United States where in 1913 he signed with the Keystone Film Company, making thirty-five films. From 1915 on, Chaplin directed his own movies and the popularity of his baggy-trousered tramp character earned him a million-dollar contract with First National in 1917 (Cooke 27). While working under First National, Chaplin made the films Shoulder blazonry in 1918, The Kid in 1921 and The Pilgrim in 1923.In his later years, Chaplin focused away from directing and dabbled in music, sports and writing. Charlie Chaplin was a self-taught musician and wrote music for many of his films, for example Sing a Song, Eternally and With You Dear in Bombay. Chaplin also authored four books My Autobiography, My Trip Abroad, A Comedian Sees the World and My Life in Pictures. Charlie Chaplin died Christmas day in 1977 at the age of seventy-eight. Over Charlie Chaplins career he was able to convey to the audience any character he wished Chaplins range of characters was extraordinary he could be a waiter, a down-and-outer turned cop, a hapless immigrant, a vagrant violinist, a soldier- all with equal conviction (Kobel 59). Being the chameleon that Chaplin was, he spoke to the audience through his characters appealing to peoples emotions and desires. (More sources and information to be added)How Major Tonalitys Effect on Human Emotion is used in Chaplins Movie

Patrick Henry Essay -- essays research papers

Patrick Henry Patrick Henry was a great patriot. He never utilise his fists or guns to fightfor his country, but he used a much more powerful weapon at which he held great skillhis words. by chance the greatest orator of his time, his speeches such as "Give Me Libertyor Give Me Death" struck a cord in the American tactile sensation of those who opposed oppressionand tyranny. Henry was born on May 29th, 1736 in Studley, Virginia. His schooling wasbasic elementary school, then trained in the classics by his father. His father, arse Henrywas an well-educated Scotsman who was a surveyor, colonel, and justice of the localcounty court. Still young, Patrick Henry first took up storekeeping in which he failedtwice, and then farming which also turn out unsuccessful. Despite his early struggles hethen married Sara Shelton, and with the newfangled responsibilities of marriage he took up thepractice of impartiality. He was naturally talented in the new job and soon found himself verysuccessful. The first signs of his "oratorical genus" were shown in case in which herepresented Virginia asking for a change of law that had been disallowed by King GeorgeIII. After this case he was soon accepted as a member of the House of Burgesses. Therehe delivered another renowned speech opposing the Stamp Act. After concluded this speechcalls of "Treason Treason" rang though the hall, but Henry replied "If this be treason,make the most of it." therefore began the li...

Leadership in Organizations :: management, leadership

1.Explain what is meant by participative leadership and identify three situations when participative leadership should be used to improve employee relationships . This particular style is placed center of the five common methods of leadership in the span of imperative, paternalistic, delegative and free reign (or liaise faire) styles of leadership. The U.S. forces only codified the three styles of leadership in their basic leadership doctrine- directed, participative and delegative. This is because it is often assumed Soldiers argon trained to the levels of proficiency that does not require an autocratic style and at the same time impractical to allow Soldiers to act under free reign style. The leader that uses participation as concepts are that the idyllic management technique is one that receives input from the collective members of the team into consideration. This technique involves the leader including one or more Soldiers in the military decision do process (MDMP) by deter mining what to do and how to do it. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group (team) members and help them feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative concepts, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of some others. In order to produce favorable results, the leadership that utilizes more group supervision versus directs supervision on a one-to-one basis by employing a participative style with a team of Soldiers who know their duties and responsibilities. Involved leadership involved managing group meetings, influencing commitment and conformity, and assisting in conflict and communication issues. The benefit to this method of leadership is you demonstrate trust in your subordinates by showing you are interested in their input. You value their ideas and decisions and if time are not an issue ideas can be discussed freely and shared collectively in a group. This is standard operating procedures when yo u limited data, and your Soldiers have other parts. unit leadership Soldiers. Using this style is of mutual benefit as it encourages them to set about members of the problem-solvers and make the best choices. This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your Soldiers have other parts. Unit leadership is not expected to know everythingthis is why you employ knowledgeable and skilled Soldiers. Using this technique is of dual benefit as it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions. This is the means of getting Soldiers to do what you want them to do.